Biology · Class 12

A Class 11 or 12 student with no coaching class can learn every syllabus topic from this book alone, well enough for the board exam and for the JEE or NEET questions built on it.

That means the explaining is done here, on the page. Each chapter opens where you are, builds the idea step by step, and shows worked examples before it sets you a problem. Every printed problem is solved in the back, with hints. No teacher, no tuition class and no second book is assumed anywhere in it.

Biology, Class 12, on the 2026–27 CBSE syllabus.

1. Reproduction in Plants

   • flower structure
   • development of male and female gametophytes
   • pollination — types
   • agencies and examples
   • outbreeding devices
   • pollen-pistil interaction
   • double fertilization
   • post-fertilization events — development of endosperm and embryo
   • development of seed and formation of fruit
   • special modes — apomixis
   • parthenocarpy
   • polyembryony
   • significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation
2. Human Reproduction

   • male and female reproductive systems
   • microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary
   • gametogenesis — spermatogenesis and oogenesis
   • menstrual cycle
   • fertilisation
   • embryo development up to blastocyst formation
   • implantation
   • pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea)
   • parturition (elementary idea)
   • lactation (elementary idea)
3. Reproductive Health

   • need for reproductive health and prevention of STDs
   • birth control — need and methods
   • contraception and MTP
   • amniocentesis
   • infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IVF
   • ZIFT
   • GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness)
4. Principles of Inheritance

   • heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance
   • deviations from Mendelism — incomplete dominance
   • co-dominance
   • multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups
   • pleiotropy
   • elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
   • chromosome theory of inheritance
   • chromosomes and genes
   • sex determination — in humans
   • birds and honey bee
   • linkage and crossing over
   • sex-linked inheritance — haemophilia
   • colour blindness
   • Mendelian disorders in humans — thalassemia (the only disorder the syllabus text names)
   • chromosomal disorders in humans — Down's syndrome
   • Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes
5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

   • search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
   • structure of DNA and RNA
   • DNA packaging
   • DNA replication
   • Central Dogma
   • transcription
   • genetic code
   • translation
   • gene expression and regulation — lac operon
   • Genome
   • Human and rice genome projects
   • DNA fingerprinting
6. Evolution

   • origin of life
   • biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences)
   • Darwin's contribution
   • modern synthetic theory of evolution
   • mechanism of evolution — variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples
   • types of natural selection
   • gene flow and genetic drift
   • Hardy-Weinberg's principle
   • adaptive radiation
   • human evolution
7. Health and Diseases

   • pathogens
   • parasites causing human diseases — malaria
   • dengue
   • chikungunya
   • filariasis
   • ascariasis
   • typhoid
   • pneumonia
   • common cold
   • amoebiasis
   • ring worm — and their control
   • basic concepts of immunology — vaccines
   • cancer
   • HIV and AIDS
   • adolescence — drug and alcohol abuse
8. Microbes in Human Welfare

   • microbes in food processing
   • industrial production
   • sewage treatment
   • energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers
   • antibiotics — production and judicious use
9. Biotech: Principles

   • the entire syllabus text for this chapter is one line — "Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology)."
10. Biotech Applications

    • application of biotechnology in health and agriculture — human insulin and vaccine production
    • stem cell technology
    • gene therapy
    • genetically modified organisms — Bt crops
    • transgenic animals
    • biosafety issues
    • biopiracy and patents
11. Organisms and Populations

    • population interactions — mutualism
    • competition
    • predation
    • parasitism
    • population attributes — growth
    • birth rate and death rate
    • age distribution
12. Ecosystem

    • ecosystems — patterns
    • components
    • productivity and decomposition
    • energy flow
    • pyramids of number
    • biomass
    • energy
13. Biodiversity and Conservation

    • biodiversity — concept
    • patterns
    • importance
    • loss of biodiversity
    • biodiversity conservation
    • hotspots
    • endangered organisms
    • extinction
    • Red Data Book
    • Sacred Groves
    • biosphere reserves
    • national parks
    • wildlife sanctuaries and Ramsar sites

It follows the CBSE Biology syllabus for 2026–27 chapter by chapter, in NCERT's order. Each chapter teaches its idea from the beginning, shows worked examples before it sets a problem, names the mistakes students actually make. Every printed problem is solved in the back, with hints, beside a glossary and the reference pages the subject needs.

What it is not: an NCERT solutions book — it solves its own problems only; a sample-paper or previous-year-paper bank; a coaching module or test series; a CBSE or NCERT publication; the school — no lab work, projects or internal-assessment help. Nor is it a JEE Advanced or NEET-level problem book — the ceiling is NCERT plus the entrance-exam application tier — a formula-sheet crammer, or a bridge course from the previous class beyond its assumed-skills page.