Physics · Class 12

A Class 11 or 12 student with no coaching class can learn every syllabus topic from this book alone, well enough for the board exam and for the JEE or NEET questions built on it.

That means the explaining is done here, on the page. Each chapter opens where you are, builds the idea step by step, and shows worked examples before it sets you a problem. Every printed problem is solved in the back, with hints. No teacher, no tuition class and no second book is assumed anywhere in it.

Physics, Class 12, on the 2026–27 CBSE syllabus.

1. Electric Charges and Fields

   • Electric charges
   • Conservation of charge
   • Coulomb's law-force between two-point charges
   • forces between multiple charges
   • superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field
   • electric field due to a point charge
   • electric field lines
   • electric dipole
   • electric field due to a dipole
   • torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux
   • statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire
   • uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
2. Potential and Capacitance

   • Electric potential
   • potential difference
   • electric potential due to a point charge
   • a dipole and system of charges
   • equipotential surfaces
   • electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators
   • free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization
   • capacitors and capacitance
   • combination of capacitors in series and in parallel
   • capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
   • energy stored in a capacitor (no derivation, formulae only)
3. Current Electricity

   • Electric current
   • flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
   • drift velocity
   • mobility and their relation with electric current
   • Ohm's law
   • V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
   • electrical energy and power
   • electrical resistivity and conductivity
   • temperature dependence of resistance
   • Internal resistance of a cell
   • potential difference and emf of a cell
   • combination of cells in series and in parallel
   • Kirchhoff's rules
   • Wheatstone bridge." No potentiometer, no metre bridge — theory syllabus stops at Wheatstone bridge; metre bridge appears only as a practical apparatus, potentiometer appears in neither theory nor the practicals list
4. Moving Charges and Magnetism

   • Concept of magnetic field
   • Oersted's experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire
   • Straight solenoid (only qualitative treatment)
   • force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
   • force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere
   • torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field
   • Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
   • moving coil galvanometer- its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter." No cyclotron, no toroid
5. Magnetism and Matter

   • Bar magnet
   • bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment only)
   • magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only)
   • torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only)
   • magnetic field lines. Magnetic properties of materials- Para
   • dia- and ferro-magnetic substances with examples
   • Magnetization of materials
   • effect of temperature on magnetic properties." No Earth's magnetism (declination/dip), no Curie's law, no hysteresis loop, no oscillation time period
6. Electromagnetic Induction

   • Electromagnetic induction
   • Faraday's laws
   • induced EMF and current
   • Lenz's Law
   • Self and mutual induction." No eddy currents
7. Alternating Current

   • Alternating currents
   • peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage
   • reactance and impedance
   • LCR series circuit (phasors only)
   • resonance
   • power in AC circuits
   • power factor
   • wattless current. AC generator
   • Transformer." No quality factor, no LC oscillations
8. Electromagnetic Waves

   • Basic idea of displacement current
   • Electromagnetic waves
   • their characteristics
   • their transverse nature (qualitative idea only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses." No Maxwell's equations named, no energy density/Poynting vector, no radiation pressure/momentum
9. Ray Optics

   • Ray Optics: Reflection of light
   • spherical mirrors
   • mirror formula
   • refraction of light
   • total internal reflection and optical fibers
   • refraction at spherical surfaces
   • lenses
   • thin lens formula
   • lens maker's formula
   • magnification
   • power of a lens
   • combination of thin lenses in contact
   • refraction of light through a prism. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers." No human eye, no rainbow, no scattering
10. Wave Optics

    • Wave front and Huygen's principle
    • reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference
    • Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width (No derivation final expression only)
    • coherent sources and sustained interference of light
    • diffraction due to a single slit
    • width of central maxima (qualitative treatment only)." No polarisation, no Malus's law, no Brewster's angle, no resolving power / Rayleigh criterion
11. Dual Nature of Radiation

    • Dual nature of radiation
    • Photoelectric effect
    • Hertz and Lenard's observations
    • Einstein's photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect. Matter waves-wave nature of particles
    • de-Broglie relation." No Davisson-Germer, no Heisenberg uncertainty principle named
12. Atoms

    • Alpha-particle scattering experiment
    • Rutherford's model of atom
    • Bohr model of hydrogen atom
    • Expression for radius of nth possible orbit
    • velocity and energy of electron in nth orbit
    • hydrogen line spectra (qualitative treatment only)." No Thomson model named, no Rydberg formula/constant, no atomic excitation / stimulated emission, no X-rays
13. Nuclei

    • Composition and size of nucleus
    • nuclear force. Mass-energy relation
    • mass defect
    • binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
    • nuclear fission
    • nuclear fusion." No radioactivity at all — no alpha/beta/gamma decay, no decay law, no half-life, no nuclear reactor
14. Semiconductor Electronics

    • "Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors- p and n type, p-n junction. Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, application of junction diode -diode as a rectifier." That is the entire chapter's theory scope. No transistor content at all (BJT, transistor action, switch, amplifier)
    • no logic gates (AND/OR/NOT/NAND/NOR, Boolean algebra, truth tables)
    • no special-purpose diodes (Zener, LED, photodiode, solar cell)
    • no integrated circuits. Closing note on the page (p22)
    • verbatim: "The content indicated in NCERT textbooks as excluded for the year 2026-27 is not to be tested by schools and will not be assessed in the Board examinations 2026-27." — the deletions above are official NCERT exclusions
    • not this document's brevity

It follows the CBSE Physics syllabus for 2026–27 chapter by chapter, in NCERT's order. Each chapter teaches its idea from the beginning, shows worked examples before it sets a problem, names the mistakes students actually make. Every printed problem is solved in the back, with hints, beside a glossary and the reference pages the subject needs.

What it is not: an NCERT solutions book — it solves its own problems only; a sample-paper or previous-year-paper bank; a coaching module or test series; a CBSE or NCERT publication; the school — no lab work, projects or internal-assessment help. Nor is it a JEE Advanced or NEET-level problem book — the ceiling is NCERT plus the entrance-exam application tier — a formula-sheet crammer, or a bridge course from the previous class beyond its assumed-skills page.